Python 3- | Deep Dive -part 4 - Oop-

This is an excellent topic. is the cornerstone of maintainable, scalable Object-Oriented Programming. In the context of Python 3: Deep Dive (Part 4) , we move beyond basic syntax into how these principles interact with Python’s dynamic nature, descriptors, metaclasses, and Abstract Base Classes (ABCs).

class FlyingBird(Bird): @abstractmethod def fly(self, altitude: int): pass Python 3- Deep Dive -Part 4 - OOP-

class DiscountCalculator: def calculate(self, amount: float, strategy: DiscountStrategy) -> float: return strategy.apply(amount) Subtypes must be substitutable for their base types. Deep Dive Issue: Python's duck typing hides LSP violations. A subclass might accept different argument types or raise unexpected exceptions. This is an excellent topic

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod class MessageSender(ABC): # Abstraction @abstractmethod def send(self, message: str) -> None: pass from abc import ABC

class Bird: def fly(self, altitude: int) -> None: return f"Flying at altitude" class Penguin(Bird): def fly(self, altitude: int) -> None: # Violation: Changes pre-condition (cannot fly) raise NotImplementedError("Penguins can't fly")