Explanation: Hyperglycemia exceeds renal glucose reabsorption threshold → glucose in tubules → osmotic retention of water → increased urine output.
Explanation: SA node pacemaker activity relies on the hyperpolarization-activated funny current (If) – mixed Na+/K+ inward current, plus decreasing outward K+ current. ganong physiology mcq pdf
A) Increased ADH secretion B) Decreased glomerular filtration rate C) Osmotic diuresis from glucosuria D) Inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle Vagal tone decreases, not increases
A) Rapid influx of Na+ through fast voltage-gated channels B) Inward “funny current” (If) carried mainly by Na+ and K+ efflux decrease C) Exclusive T-type Ca2+ channel activation D) Na+/Ca2+ exchanger operating in reverse mode Vagal tone decreases
A) Increased PaCO2, increased pH B) Decreased PaCO2, increased pH C) Decreased PaCO2, decreased pH D) Increased PaCO2, decreased pH
Explanation: Hypotension reduces baroreceptor firing → increased sympathetic outflow to heart (β1 receptors) → increased HR. Vagal tone decreases, not increases.
A) Decreased renin release B) Increased angiotensin II formation C) Decreased aldosterone secretion D) Increased ANP release